distro timeline

This is a picture linux distro timeline.
http://futurist.se/gldt/ldt75.png

what is meant by the kernel? ...

reviews the history of linux kernel
Because access to hardware is limited, whereas there is more than one program must be served in
the same time, the kernel also served to regulate when and how long a program can be
use one part of the hardware. This is called a multiplex.

Access to the hardware directly is a complex problem, therefore the kernel is usually
implement a set of hardware abstraction. Such abstractions are a way to
hide complexity, and allows access to the hardware to be easily and uniformly.
Abstraction so that ultimately facilitate the work of programmers.

To run a computer we do not have to use the operating system kernel. A program can be directly loaded and run on the machine 'naked' computers, that is when the program wants to do his job without the help of abstraction of hardware or operating system assistance. This technique is used by earlier generations of computers, so if we want to move from one program to another program, we have to reset and load the return of those programs.

There are 4 categories of the kernel:
1.Monolithic kernel. Kernel that provides the hardware abstraction rich and powerful.
2.Microkernel. Kernel that provides only a small set of simple hardware abstraction, and
using the applications referred to as a server to provide other functions.
3.Hybrid (modification of the microkernel). Microkernel-like kernel, but it also included some code
added in the kernel so it becomes faster
4.Exokernel. Kernel does not provide hardware abstraction at all, but it provides a set of libraries
which provides functions to access the hardware directly or nearly directly.
The kernel of the four categories mentioned above, the Linux kernel including the kernel monolithic category. Linux kernel
different Linux systems. The Linux kernel is an original software created by the community
Linux, while Linux system, which is known today, contains many components that made their own or borrowed
from other development projects.

change the login window

1. first open the folder / usr / share / gdm / themes
2. select an existing folder, then copy.
3. if so, paste the folder that you want to place.
4. after that, open the folder that you'd paste. then right click and click open terminal.
5. write in terminal sudo gedit write a xml file of type then hit enter.
6. after that replace the jpg files with the jpg files you choose.
7. after that save
8. right click on the folder and select copied arcive Creat .. name the file as you please change the tar.gz file and then save.
9. after that open the login window, and drag files into this camp for login window, then there is the option installed, click install and then finish.
10. after all that is done, log off your computer by way of press ctrl + alt + backspace.
11. and now your login window display has changed.
    

good luck.

how to change the display grub loader?

1. open the file system / boot / gfxmenu
2. extract the files here linuxmint.message
3. open the file linuxmint.message_FILES
4. select the image named background.png right click on the image and select open with gimp.
5. Edit the image as you please. If you are finished click save. (Not save as) and then exit.
6. After that right click on the site and click open terminal.
7. after that write the following command sudo ls. | cpio-o> (write the file name you want to make here)
8. after that open menu.lst
9. then edit in the gfxmenu = / boot / gfxmenu / linuxmint.message_FILES / name of the file you created earlier.
10. then save and reboot the computer.

Good luck. ^ ^
note: images must be sized 800 X 640
254.000 resolution

tux

Tux: Mascot of the Pingu
In 1996, Torvalds announced the need for a mascot to be a symbol of Linux activities. Condition is to form a penguin, but not just any penguin. As his biography written in the book Just For Fun, the requirements for the Pingu dreams are: "A penguin who appears very 'happy', like he'd been enjoying a beer after getting 'sex' the most beautiful in life."

Symbols of penguins were deemed eligible, have been used extensively for all matters related to Linux, is the result of design created by Larry Ewing. While the name that has been proposed Tux James Hughes allegedly derived from Unix Torvalds said. Or perhaps the 'tuxedo' look for the Pingu like wearing a suit smoking (dinner jacket or black tie) is formally charged in the UK.

Whatever the reason, Tux the appearance of peace and funny, it has been welcomed by all, young and old ranging from toddlers to senior citizens throughout the world. He is also part of the logo most existing Linux distributions. Replication Tux many made to meet the needs pencintanya, available in all types of accessories, especially the dolls of all sizes.

Why do I (should) use Linux?

Why do I (should) use Linux? Some reasons why I (should) use Linux: ·

1. Free - Because of its open source it, linux distributions can be obtained for free, I no longer need to unlawful mamakai pirated goods because I could not afford a license. so I can work in peace without fear of sin for stealing the rights of others.
   
2. Complete - Because I already can get all the software I need in linux. once installed a linux distro, all my computing needs can be met, without the need driver2 dizzy looking for the hardware and find crack for illicit pirated software. can say, whatever you yg pake software on another OS, there's always his equivalent in linux.
   
3. Stable - Because Linux is very stable, no need to go back and forth press the magic button (reset) because the computer hangs, hangs in the incident linux machine is a remarkable event, a very rare terjadi.Tidak like another OS that can definitely hang our reply is too much load applications. Also, do not need to waste time to diligently perform defragmenting, registry cleaning and other tetep system to run normally.
4. Secure - Because it is relatively free linux viruses, trojans, malware etc., does not mean there are no linux viruses. Virus in Linux is already there since ancient times, but never created a major problem.
   
5. Community - Linux user community is extraordinary. eg I have technical problems associated with desktop or server ubuntu, I just throw the problem to the mailing community. within hours, usually my problem is resolved.
   
6. Open Source Based - that is the linux OS is developed by mutual cooperation by the programmer-programmers around the world without economic motive. So of course I have more faith in the OS developed by user communities concerned and idealistic reply, rather than operating system developed by the firms is clearly the economic motive, aims reply profit as much as possible.
   
7. Total Control - Linux allows us to fully control the activities of our computing. Have you ever experienced examples (windows) for example and we are trying to close the application without having to restart the computer because at the same time we have not had a chance to save the results of our work on another application that works together? sometimes successfully, sometimes we can not do anything but restart. This will not happen in linux, suppose an application hangs, will not affect other applications that road together.
8. Fun - fun ngoprek linux, linux makes me a lot to learn. For me, it is a challenge to improve if such a hardware is not walking normally on the linux machine. on the other OS? if a hardware we do not find the driver, mangkraklah hardware, there was no reply we can do. Striking appearance - A lot of people who think that Linux is identical to a black screen with lines of code like in the movie The Matrix, which will only be understood by those nerd: P. Hahaha,,, if that meant Terminal / Console, yeah that's an art on Linux: P, but Fortunately it's not only for nerd:). But you know, that Linux is also a view that is very human:). With the support of a desktop environment like GNOME or KDE, Linux will not semengerikan you can imagine. Even with the support of Compiz Fusion, I can guarantee a good view of Linux over Windows!! Even Linux display will not be lost to Mac OSX that has been revered as a fascinating look: D. Compiz Fusion rocks!! So now it's back to yourself, if you want to turn to use the same Linux OS as me, or stay with OS or OS unlawful paying you now. What harm Trying Not Plow, yet free. ^ _ ^

HISTORY OF LINUX

LINUX is the name given to the type of computer operating system Unix. Linux is one example of the development of free software and open source principal. Like the free software and other open source in general, LNUX source code can be modified, used and redistributed freely by anyone. The name "Linux" comes from the name of the kernel (Linux), which was made on 5 October 1991 by Linus Torvalds, a student of the University of Helsinki in Finland. The system, equipment and system libraries generally come from the GNU operating system, which was announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. The GNU contribution is the basis of the emergence of the alternative name GNU / Linux. Linux has long been known for its use in servers, and supported by computer companies such as Dell famous, Hewleet-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle Corporation, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Linux is used as the operating system in various types of computer hardware, including desktop computers, supercomputers, and Embedded systems such as electronic book readers, video game systems (PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and Xbox), mobile phones and routers. Analysts believe the success of information technology Linux because Linux does not depend on the vendor (vendor independence), low operating costs, and higher compatibility than no free versions of UNIX, as well as safety factor and high stability compared to other operating systems like Microsoft Windows. These characteristics also be evidence of the benefits of the development model of open source software (opensource software). Linux operating system known as Linux distributions (Linux distribution) or a general Linux distribution already includes device-support software such as web servers, programming languages, databases, desktop display (desktop environment) (such as Gnome and KDE), and office application packages (office suite) as Open Office.org, KOffice, Abiword, and Gnumeric. id.wikipedia.org / wiki / linux.

trick mounting the disk repository for ubuntu 9:04

Mounting Repository of Harddisk
1. Copy the entire repository to your Local disk.
for example in: / media / data
2. Open Terminal
3. Create Directory with a repository in / home
How:
sudo mkdir / home / (username) / repo
eg: sudo mkdir / home / ari / repo
4. Create Directory in this repo directory
How:
sudo cd / home / ari / repo
mkdir repo1 repo2 repo3 repo4 repo5 repo6
5. Open Gedit and save with the name mountrepo.sh
sudo gedit mountrepo.sh
Then this script copykan (where iso repo and the repo folder adjusted)
mount o loop / media/data/repo1.iso / home/ari/repo/repo1
mount o loop / media/data/repo2.iso / home/ari/repo/repo2
mount o loop / media/data/repo3.iso / home/ari/repo/repo3
mount o loop / media/data/repo4.iso / home/ari/repo/repo4
mount o loop / media/data/repo5.iso / home/ari/repo/repo5
mount o loop / media/data/repo6.iso / home/ari/repo/repo6
6. Log into another terminal and type:
sudo gedit / etc / apt / sources.list
7. Scrip Edit the sources.list and type the following Scrip
deb file: / home/ari/repo/repo1 Jaunty main restricted
deb file: / home/ari/repo/repo2 Jaunty restricted main multiverse
deb file: / home/ari/repo/repo3 Jaunty universe
deb file: / home/ari/repo/repo4 Jaunty universe
deb file: / home/ari/repo/repo5 Jaunty universe
deb file: / home/ari/repo/repo6 Jaunty universe
put a fence (#) at the Scrip is not in need, and save
9. Scrip mount.sh and run it in the terminal's how:
sudo sh mount.sh
10. and type:
sudo apt-get update
11. If Upadate went well and ending in Reading package lists ... Done means you have
successful mounting repository